Bernini s Sculpture, The Ecstasy Of St. Teresa And...

The Baroque period saw many influential artists and sculptors, however, for the purpose of this assignment I am going to reflect on the works of Bernini and Caravaggio. Bernini’s sculpture, The Ecstasy of St. Teresa and Caravaggio’s painting, the Crucifixion of St. Peter will be what I am going to discuss. Both artists rose to prominence during the Baroque era by employing the artistic techniques unique to the era and playing into the vast influence the Catholic Church held over creativity of this period. Baroque style can be recognized through its use of vibrant colors, exaggerated movement and with a distortion of traditional shapes. With a countenance that emphasizes theatricality over conservatism, The Baroque style is a direct result of the Catholic reformation that originated in Italy. The Roman Catholic Church suffered the loss of many believers to the new Protestant movement that was jettisoned into motion by Martin Luther’s Theses’. In response to this the Roman Catholics launched the Counter-Reformation spearheaded by the Baroque style. The Baroque style began as a Catholic Revolution and eventually became a movement that carried the same influential power that ignited it. The Baroque period served a duel purpose as both a method of spreading Catholicism and a protest of sorts in response to the idealism and formality of the Renaissance. The Catholic Church was the absolute authority over what was considered acceptable art. Consequently, to be profitable, the bestShow MoreRelatedBaroque Art : Baroque Renaissance1256 Words   |  6 Pagesthe idealism of the Renaissance during the 1400-1530’s and the Mannerism of the 1530-1600’s Baroque art found itself as the dominant style of art during the decade of the 1600-1700’s. The term Baroque derives from the Portuguese ‘barocco’ term, or irregular peal or stone – It describes a fairly complex idiom which originated in Rome and became popular during the time period in which Baroque art was prominent which embraced painting, sculpture and architecture. The Baroque style quite nicely reflectedRead MoreEssay on Howard Hibbards quot;Caravaggioquot;1886 Words   |  8 Page sHoward Hibbards Caravaggio is an insightful look into the troubled mind and life of one of the most discussed artists of all time, Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. nbsp;Hibbard immediately expands on his belief that Caravaggio is the most important Italian painter of the entire seventeenth century. nbsp;Furthermore, his paintings speak to us more personally and more poignantly than any others of the time. nbsp;Caravaggio is an artist whose life was far different from all other contemporaryRead MoreJohn Rupert Martins quot;Baroquequot; Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesCarracci and supported by other artists such as Caravaggio. nbsp;Still, out of all of the artists of the time, Martin believed that Carracci was the one who rescued painting from its sorry plight. nbsp;Martin believed that Caravaggio was a great naturalist during the Baroque and he contributed to the trend of the time. nbsp;Caravaggios chiaroscuro throughout most of his works enabled him to further the idea of realism . nbsp;Still, Caravaggio is able to maintain his own individualism and style

Prostitution of Children and Child Prostitutes Free Essays

PROSTITUTION Prostitution is defined as the act, practice or profession of offering the body for sexual relations for money. (New Webster’s Dictionary 1995:802). The Encyclopedia Americana (1997) defined prostitution as â€Å"the performance of sexual acts with another person in return for the payment of a fee. We will write a custom essay sample on Prostitution of Children and Child Prostitutes or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Child prostitution is therefore, prostitution embarked upon by children who are below the age of 18 and are supposed to be catered for by their parents. It is commonly acknowledged that acts of prostitution are performed by women for men nevertheless occasions arise when the acts are done by men for men. The context of this work deals particularly with female child prostitution. UNICEF considers child prostitutes as young girls in sex trade, who are between the age bracket of 8 and 16. (Jubilee Action Report 1995). In the Nigerian milieu, prostitutes below the age of 18 are regarded as child prostitutes, since only persons above 18 years of age are statutorily regarded as adults. Child prostitution is the â€Å"sexual exploitation of girls and teenagers† (Awake February 8, 2003:6). Available data show that approximately 1. 5million children in India, 1 million in Asia, 100,00 children in United States and 500 children in Latin America are engaged in prostitution (Healy, 1995:35). Awake (February 8,2003:2) reported,â€Å"there were about 300,000 child prostitutes on the streets, in another land where drug trafficking flourishes†. According to Jubilee Action report (1995:10), up to 1 million female children join prostitution each year around the globe. However, the clandestine nature of child prostitution makes it impossible to calculate the exact number of working prostitutes, nonetheless the International Labour Organization (ILO) analysis (1993-1994), estimates that between 0. 25% and 1. 5% of the total female population are engaged in this trade. Globally, child prostitution is illegal and it is also regarded as a barbarous crime, yet it persists. Why? Child prostitution does not just happen. It is caused by a variety of factors some are perpetrated by the prostitutes themselves, while other factors are external to the prostitutes themselves. This is really a growing problem in developed world and developing world like Nigeria (Quintanilla, 1997:20). CAUSES OF CHILD PROSTITUTION IN Owerri Municipal Council 1. Misery and POVERTY: Poverty is the most common reason why most families sell the services of their female children to augment their income in order to buy food or clothes and other necessities of life. (Janssen, 2001:10). The case of child labour is a typical factor that exposes children to prostitution. The hired female children are sent out to hawk food items on the streets, motor parks, and mechanic garages thereby exposing them to rapes as well as sexual harassment s. Barnes H. C. (1959:95) observed that some females take to prostitution due to sheer destitution. Awake (February 8,2003:5) reported that some street children resort to prostitution because they see it as their only means of survival. The Awake further related an experience of a mother of 14-year-old girl who lured her daughter into this ignominious trade. The woman said about her daughter, â€Å"she was beautiful and that men would like her very much. Besides, she would earn a lot of money. † In the evenings, the woman takes her daughter to a motel where they make contacts. The mother stays nearby to receive the payments. Each night, this girl has sex with three or four men. 2. UNEMPLOYMENT: Unemployment of either the parents or the child results in unreliable source of income thereby forcing children into prostitution as an alternative means of income to support the family. Ironically, the International Labour Organization observes that a child’s ability to earn money is limited. It is estimated that the money earned by the child only contributes to approximately 10% of the family’s overall income and therefore has minimal effect on the family’s monetary gain (Dimenstein, 1994:12). Due to high degree of unemployment, the brothels employ some female children who serve in their drinking spots to promote their business. 3. HUMANS TRAFFICKING: Human trafficking is another evil leading to child prostitution. Human trafficking which represent the world’s third largest criminal activity following only after drug and weapons trafficking is sometimes purported to send teenagers to other countries to work. These would-be workers who sometimes end up prostitutes actually â€Å"work† and repatriate money to their respective home countries (Awake, February 8, 2003: 5). Many times, hard times hit these fellows as they are deported to come and continue this profession at home. Some of the female prostitutes come home to take some younger females to their places either to help them or to make them their servants and at the long run they get converted to prostitution, which is their boss’ profession. 4. DECEPTION ENCOURAGES PROSTITUTION: Pimps or brothel owners deceive some parents by paying them money and assuring to enlist their children in their â€Å"domestic services†, which later turns to be prostitution. These brothel owners who are termed the girl’s â€Å"owners† take control of the child’s’ activities. Moreover, these owners do everything possible to retain these girls who earn money for them to maintain their lavish lifestyle (Robinson, 2001:50) and (Dimenstein 1994:10). Apart from the pimps, other intermediaries who benefit from child prostitution do anything possible to see the act continued. Most females are led into this act of prostitution by their masters. Some of them could be anaesthetized by their masters in order to have fun with them and when eventually the woman of the house gets to know about the act she will be thrown out side to continue the act with other men including the master. 5. DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY ENVIRONMENT PROMOTES PROSTITUTION: Children of broken homes sleep wherever they see space to do so in the day, and go to the disco and nightclubs in the night. Ekejiuba I. K. (1996:13) discovered that ill treatment of children at home might make them to take to the street in order to find solace. Then the end result may be the hawking of their body to support themselves. 6 POOR EDUCATION: Some children cannot support themselves materially in view of low educational training they received, so they resort to prostitution as their only profession (Rodriguez- Garcia, 1999:55). Girl-child Education Initiative In Africa (January 2003:20) highlights the effect of poor education in the whole of Africa. In connection with poor education, peer pressure, bad association The causes and effects of child prostitution in Owerri Municipal Council and street ganging contribute to child prostitution. Identifiably, a girl may end up as a prostitute by her association, peer pressure and by running with a street gang (Okebugwu, 1989:25); Adetore, (1974:60); Oti (1984:15); and Daily Times ( May 15,1999:12). 7. AIDS SCARE PROMOTES CHILD PROSTITUTION: The high incidence of sexually transmitted diseases like AIDS make customers of prostitutes to look for children who are considered to be of low risk, and most probably virgins (Robinson, 2001:13). Patrons of child prostitutes are willing to pay a great deal of money to be a girl’s first client. In the streets, brothels and drinking spots these days a lot of female children are being employed to help lure more male customers to their spots. Places like Amaram by Tetlow Road and some places in Onyeche Street in Owerri have a high number of female child prostitutes who are employed only to facilitate their business. This is because there is the fear that other older female prostitutes in the same profession could have various STDs. 8. DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION ARE PRO-CHILD PROSTITUTION The influence of drugs can subject a child to prostitution and to certain indignifying acts of prostitution which she may otherwise never agree to given her sound mind (Lewis 1980:70); and Udechi (1987:15). 9. REBELLION AND FEELING OF INDEPENDENCE This is another factor promoting child prostitutions. Some girls are shamelessly bold. What is more, they feel that the body is theirs thus they should decide what to do with their body. (Bennet, G and Robert, P. 1985:207). 10. PORNOGRAPHY AGGRAVATES CHILD PROSTITUTION: Pornography also puts viewers at increased risk for developing sexually deviant tendencies. Awake July 22, 2003:7). Pornography is identified as promoting â€Å"the rape myth† which is a belief that women cause and enjoy rape. Additionally, the repeated use of pornography interferes with the ability to enjoy and participate in normal marital intimacy. Dr. Victor Cline, who specializes in treating sex addiction claims that â€Å"deviant sexual acts results† when a viewer tries to act out the pornography-based fantasies. 11. Incestuous violation and rape in homes as a factor: Some youths were raped in their own homes, which act changed their outlook in life. Some of such ones give vent to prostitution. Two other closely related causes of prostitution are glamor associated with it and insatiable sexual urges in some females. Blag(1976:68) observed that some prostitutes take to this lifestyle because of their innate desire for glamour or that they want to maintain a standard of life, which is impossible by ordinary means of earning, a life reminiscent of Greek aether. On the other hand, Ekejiuba(1996:14) identified other females, nymphomaniacs, who engage in prostitution for the sake of â€Å"fun† or pleasure they derive from it. 2 SUDDEN EXPOSURE: Furthermore, illicit love affairs in the presence of children may subject them to early prostitution. Some parents perform extra marital affairs in the presence of their wards. This exposes the children to early sex life. The premature death of one or both of the parents has also been discovered as one of the causes of child prostitution. Because of the chasm created by such loss, a teena ge girl may be fraught with the onerous task of catering for herself and other family members. More importantly, no one may exist to give stern guideline on her. One Owerri girl who returned from Kumasi Ghana claimed that her father died when she was eight years. This demise of his father left her with the responsibility of catering for her younger siblings and her mother who hails from Kumasi, Ghana. These challenges make her to dabble into prostitution. Child prostitution is not without its consequences, some of which are seemingly pardonable, whereas others are taboo at mere mention of them. High patronage of child prostitutes by wealthy men is another factor that has caused and sustained child prostitution ( Ekejiuba 1996: 13). Some teenage girls find it difficult to resist the temptation of prostitution because of huge sum of money they receive there-from. This accounts for why some IMSU, Alvan and FUTO ladies readily avail themselves for this business. Marxist oriented scholars see prostitution as an outgrowth of capitalism. Many of these see the gradual removal of subsidy from petroleum, which is the main balance of Nigerian economy as exposing many persons to difficulty and leading to sexual promiscuity. How to cite Prostitution of Children and Child Prostitutes, Essay examples

Global Business Strategy for Multinational

Question: Discuss about the Global Business Strategy for Multinational. Answer: Introduction It is important for any organisation to analyse the risk of entering and carrying operations in a foreign country before expanding its business over the international market. The analysis of risk and challenges helps to plan strategies that can be used to enter a new market beyond the geographical boundaries of the domestic market (Wrona and TrƦpczyÅ„ski, 2012). Currently, the increased intervention of the government and changing policies in the pharmaceutical industry makes it difficult for any organisation operating in this industry to carry on its business (Hanefeld, 2012). On the other hand, pharmaceutical industry is growing at a high pace across the globe that makes it essential for any domestic business to expand its business in the overseas market. The paper has been developed to conduct an analysis of risk and challenge of two potential overseas markets namely South Africa and China for Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd. The study focuses on evaluating four risk factors such as commercial risks, financial risks, country risks and cross-cultural risks to choose the most suitable market for the company to expand its business. Furthermore, a proper justification has been provided on the choice of the best overseas market for the company. The paper also presents the market entry mode or strategy that must be used by the Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd to begin with its global operations. Background to the Company Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd is one of the most famous Australian pharmaceutical products manufacturing companies, was established by Euan and Kaye Murdoch in the year 1972. The pharmaceuticals product manufacturing firm was originally set up from Herron Industries that is owned by Perrigo in the current business scenario (Herron.com.au, 2016). Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd has featured a vast range of pharmaceutical products that is a lot more comfortable for the target demographics in Australia. The pharmaceutical products such as paracetamol and Ibuprofen combination medical drugs can be identified as the best achievements for the organisation. Largely depending on the Research and Development (RD) team of the group, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd has marketed joint pain relief formulation such as OsetoEze and an entire range of vitamin formulated medicines specifically directed towards kids. Since, the handover of the pharmaceutical corporation to Mr Murdoch in 1982, the organ isation has never looked back (Herron.com.au, 2016). At the present scenario, the organisation has been identified as one of the giants of Australian biotech and pharmaceutical industry headquartered in Brisbane, Australia. As one of the largest manufacturers and distributors of Australian pharmaceutical industry, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd deals in medication and treatment for arthritis, cholesterol, prostate insomnia, constipation, acne and other general health issues in the Australian market. The RD team of the pharmaceutical product manufacturing firm has activity working on new drug patents promoting the healthy life of the target demographics (Perri, Scalera and Mudambi, 2015). Notably, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd is a subsidiary of Sigma Pharmaceuticals. Meanwhile, the Australian pharmaceutical firm wants to be globalised to serve the people of other countries as well. Analysis of Risks and Challenges In the case of the globalisation of Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd, four essential risk factors such as commercial risks, financial risks, country risks and cross-cultural risks of the two identified possible target markets must have been discussed to justify the selection of the right target market. Meanwhile, in the underlying section, a discussion of the identified risks and challenges in South African and China pharmaceuticals market has been drawn. Risks and Challenges in South Africa South Africa is identified as the most crucial market for any pharmaceutical organisation in the African Continent. An analysis of the four identified risks and challenges of the South African context has been briefed herein. Commercial Risks: South Africa is a potential market for pharmaceutical organisation because of lower number of competitors in the market. It is the largest pharmaceutical market in the African Continent. It can be seen through the statistical reports that the pharmaceutical sale in the year 2015 in South Africa is around $3.4 billion. It is estimated the sales figure will grow up to $3.84 billion by the end of 2020 that will make 1.17 percent of the total GDP of the nation (Overcoming barriers to medicines production through South-South co-operation in Africa, 2013). It can be seen through market research that the current market leaders operating in South African lacks adequate funding which acts as a great opportunity for Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd to expand its business in South Africa (Ziervogel, Archer van Garderen and Price, 2016). Hence, the absence of high level of competition provides a better opportunity to grow pharmaceutical business in the country. Currency (Financial) Risks: The variation in the valuation of currency is an important factor that increases the risk of business in the international market. The current market valuation shows that one Australian Dollar is equal to 10.51 South African Rand. Hence, investing $10 million in South African market will provide the business with a valuation of 105.1 million ZAR (Majumdar, 2015). Hence, a fluctuation in the currency value of South Africa will not impact the Australian investment on a high level. In other words, the financial risk reduces due to the high variation of values of currency between the two countries. Australia is on a higher side in term of valuation of currency, which reduces the financial risk for Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd. Country Risks: The labour market of South Africa is at its weakest point with 26.7 percent unemployment rate. Hence, the number of unemployment population provides the company with an opportunity to hire employees at low salary scale. On the other hand, the spending of people on healthcare has increased to $28.18 billion which is expected to increase more in the upcoming future. South African can be identified as a potential market in terms of economic prospects (Rodriguez-Monguio and Seoane-Vazquez, 2014). But, considering the political instability in the country, the risk level increases for Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd because of the chances in changes of political power in the country (Swilling, 2014). It is expected the changes of political power will impact the business policies that may negatively impact the pharmaceutical industry of South Africa. Cross-Cultural Risks: South Africa is a mixed cultural country that has different official languages spoken by the people belonging to different regions. Hence, the communication gap may be a potential risk for the company. But, the influence of English people over the Africans in major business regions mitigates the level of risk that arises from difference in culture. Risks and Challenges in China An analysis of the four identified risks and challenges of the Chinese context has been briefed herein. Commercial Risks: Though the Chinese drug market is a massive industry, the generics have expected to dominate the market. According to the data sources, the generic drugs revenue is increasing in a staggered pattern to RMB 614.8 billion since 2007-2015. Moreover, the domestic pharmaceutical firms have relied upon innovation patenting drugs at a significant pace (The next phase: Opportunities in China's pharmaceuticals market, 2011). Therefore, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd may find it tough to compete in the Chinese market. Also, the pricing of generics is significantly low showing the RD capabilities and government spending to the public. Hence, in near term, there are significant commercial risks attached to marketing pharmaceutical products of Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd in the China market (Luthans, Doh and Hodgetts, 2012). Currency (Financial) Risks: Understandably, the structural differences of currency can be one of the major factors in determining prices of drugs in the Chinese market. Apparently, the China pharmaceutical industry is full of domestic drug manufacturers and distributors. As a result of the competitive market scenario, at the initial phase, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd may have to suffer massive losses leading to undefined financial risks in near terms if the management selects China as the target market (Jiang, Wang and Yan, 2011). Also, the cost of licensing of pharmaceutical products and distribution will be significantly higher in China leading to further financial challenges. Country Risks: The National Drug Distribution system and government reforms can be identified as the major country based risks in the Chinese market. As the Chinese pharmaceutical industry is a well-developed market already, there are fewer chances to expand for a new organisation (Yin, 2011). First, of the all, the top three domestic pharmaceutical commerce organisations such as Guangdong Jiuzhoutong Pharmaceutical, Sinopharm Group, and Shanghai Pharmaceutical have occupied 20 percent of market share of the industry showing the tough fight among the competitors in the domestic market (Ahn, 2010). Also, the government drug reforms and health reforms promote generics at the high level that can be considered as one of the negative factors for Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd operations management in China. Cross-cultural Risks: Cross-cultural differences among the Australian and Chinese population can be recognised as another vital risk in operations management (Reuvid, 2008). The language, marketing concepts, business standards and etiquette have been somewhat distinct in Australia and China. Hence, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltds management can find it difficult to manage the workforce and executives in the Chinese market. Analysis and Justification for selecting South Africa The above analysis of risk and challenges in both the nations shows that South Africa is a better market for Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd to expand its business as compared to the Chinese market. South Africa is a developing nation with a higher potential to grow economically. Furthermore, the level of unemployment in the nation provides Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd with employees at lower price (Buckley and Ghauri, 2015). Hence, the recurring cost of the company reduces, if it decides to expand its business in the African market. Furthermore, the people of South Africa are friendlier to English people because of the presence of English origin people in the country. Hence, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd will receive a better welcome from the South African population as compared to the Chinese market. Considering the economic factors of the South African market for the pharmaceutical industry, it can be seen that South Africa is a growing market for pharmaceutical products. The increasing spending on health and low level of competition provides a better opportunity in the South African market (Anderson, 2010). On the other hand, Chinese people mainly use organic products in more quantity as compared to artificially made medicines. Along with that, South Africa has a well established pharmaceutical manufacturing industry that is supported with foreign investment. Hence, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd can easily enter the South African market using joint venture or directly owned subsidiary mode (Review Editor, 2012). The per capita spending of Africans on health products is higher than the Chinese that provides an attractive operating environment in the South African market. Along with that, the level of currency risk is also lower in the case of South African market as compared to the Chinese market that makes South Africa a more suitable market for Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd to expand its business in the overseas market. The proposed entry mode/strategy for South Africa On the basis of South Africas social, demographic and economic context, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd has selected the pharmaceuticals industry of the country for globalisation perspective. Being one of the developed economies to a certain level, healthcare expenditure and government spending has surged in South Africa (Kyle, 2007). Understandably, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd management need to identify the most sustainable entry mode to explore the pharmaceuticals market of the target economy. Based on capitalisation, collaborative entry strategy will be more acceptable than individual effort in order to penetrate the developing pharmaceuticals market in South Africa (Vogel, 2012). By identifying the market opportunities, target demographics profile, healthcare regulations and pharmaceuticals regulations in South Africa, joint ventures with domestic pharmaceutical product manufacturers and distributors operate in South African market can be considered as the best entry mode for Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd. In this way, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd management can have a better understanding of the aggregated market demand of the pharmaceutical products offered to the target demographics (Biggadike, 2009). Meanwhile, such collaborative efforts with the leading pharmaceutical companies operating in the target market can provide significant distribution and marketing channels for Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd. Evidently, the value chain of the domestic Pharma companies can be utilised by the management to evaluate the untapped potential at the highest standards. By introducing distinct distribution agreements with leading South African pharmaceutical companies such as Meda Pharma South Africa Pty Ltd, JSE Limited, and Roche Products Pty Ltd, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd of Australia can lead to extensive market penetration (Viviers et al., 2014). Moreover, the affirmative business relationship standards with the domestic companies can provide a better market understanding so that low-priced drugs can be distributed within the system. Decisively, the joint venture with domestic companies can be helpful to understand the healthcare reforms, drug regulations, IPR protection laws, tax exemption to the foreign organisation in a better process (Biggadike, 2016). Moreover, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltds RD team can work according to the demand confront of the target market patenting new drugs effective for the target demographics. The rising healthcare consciousness and improving marketing structure in the target market can be defined according to the standards of the South African market. Herein, the joint venture and certain distribution agreements of drugs with the famous local brands can be effectively utilised by Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd to minimise the cost of marketing and product distribution (Javalgi and Wright, 2013). Also, the cost of inventory and purchasing system can be controlled in a significant order using the inventory system of the domestic corporations. Conclusion The contemporary business scenario of Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd has promoted the essence of globalisation for significant profitability. The functions and capital structure of the organisation have also supported the decision of the management to spread the business to another foreign market. Through the identification of the existing business environment of the Chinese and South African pharmaceutical industries, it can be said that the South African market will be so much valid for better business regimes of the firm. Moreover, in order explore the business in the target market joint venture entry mode and significant distribution agreements with local pharmaceutical companies will be adequate for improved market penetration. Such decisive decision-making can reduce the cost of management and marketing. Additionally, the joint venture tactics will share the four identified risks so that the risks will be managed in an efficient way. Furthermore, the operational management of H erron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd in the target market will be equally supported by the market experience of the domestic firms promoting sustainable business growth model. References Ahn, M. (2010). Developing a Profitable Market Share Strategy for Multinational Pharmaceutical Companies in China.Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing Management, 13(3), pp.1-29. Anderson, T. (2010). Tide turns for drug manufacturing in Africa.The Lancet, 375(9726), pp.1597-1598. Biggadike, E. (2009).Corporate diversification. Boston: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University. Biggadike, E. (2016).Entry, strategy and performance. Buckley, P. and Ghauri, P. (2015).International business strategy. Hanefeld, J. (2012). Patent rights vs patient rights: intellectual property, pharmaceutical companies and access to treatment for people living with HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa.Fem Rev, 72(1), pp.84-92. Herron.com.au. 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(2013).Supporting Strategic Leadership in Global Health Diplomacy in ECSA, 34, pp.1-4. Perri, A., Scalera, V. and Mudambi, R. (2015). Exploring the International Connectivity of Chinese Inventors in the Pharmaceutical Industry.SSRN Electronic Journal. Reuvid, J. (2008).Business insights, China. London: Kogan Page. Review Editor, B. (2012). US Licensing Strategy of Small and Mid-Sized European Pharmaceutical Companies.PharmaDeals Review, 2002(27). Rodriguez-Monguio, R. and Seoane-Vazquez, E. (2014). Pharmaceutical Companies Pricing Strategies After Generic Entry Into The New Zealand Market.Value in Health, 17(3), pp.A13-A14. Swilling, M. (2014). Rethinking the sciencepolicy interface in South Africa: Experiments in knowledge co-production.SAJS, 110(5/6), pp.1-7. The next phase: Opportunities in China's pharmaceuticals market. (2011).National Industry Program. Viviers, W., Lubbe, M., Steenkamp, E. and Olivier, D. (2014). The Identification Of Realistic Export Opportunities For The South African Pharmaceutical Industry.International Business Economics Research Journal (IBER), 13(2), p.231. Vogel, R. (2012). Pharmaceutical patents and price controls.Clinical Therapeutics, 24(7), pp.1204-1222. Wrona, T. and TrƦpczyÅ„ski, P. (2012). Re-explaining international entry modes Interaction and moderating effects on entry modes of pharmaceutical companies into transition economies.European Management Journal, 30(4), pp.295-315. Yin, H. (2011). Merger and Acquisition Activity in the Chinese Pharmaceutical Industry.JMCP, 7(2), pp.166-167. Ziervogel, G., Archer van Garderen, E. and Price, P. (2016). Strengthening the knowledge-policy interface through co-production of a climate adaptation plan: leveraging opportunities in Bergrivier Municipality, South Africa.Environment and Urbanization.