Approaches to a child with fast breathing

Approaches to a child with fast breathing APPROACH TO A CHILD WITH FAST BREATHING Fast breathing is the most common presentation in children visiting a hospital emergency. These children have the respiratory rate more than the normal upper limit for that age group; (see table 1), with or without increased work of breathing in the form of chest indrawing, nasal flaring and head nodding. It may also be associated with stridor or wheeze suggestive of upper and lower airway obstruction respectively. There is a need of urgent assessment of airway patency and breathing when a child with fast breathing is first evaluated. Stabilization of vital parameters may require intubation, oronasal suctioning, use of oxygen by hood/nasal prongs, intravenous fluid boluses, correction of hypoglycaemia, nebulization with bronchodilator, intercostal tube drainage, correction of hyperthermia/ hypothermia etc. Such initial treatment coupled with a thorough history, physical examination and relevant investigations, is followed by establishing a provisional diagnosis and instituting approp riate empirical treatment in the emergency ward itself. Table 1: The upper limits of respiratory rate defined by the WHO Etiology of fast breathing: Fast breathing may not always result from a lung disease. It may be physiological e.g., exercise induced, or pathological due to pulmonary or non-pulmonary causes (table 2) Table 2: Causes of fast breathing in children Clinical Features: A child with fast breathing be may have increased work of breathing (suggested by use of accessory muscles), cyanosis and lethargy or altered sensorium. Alteration in sensorium (in the form of irritability, agitation, lethargy or coma) indicates brain hypoxia and is one of the earliest indicators of impending respiratory failure. While fast breathing is commonly associated with respiratory diseases, it may also occur with fever, crying or metabolic acidosis. However, normal or decreased respiratory rate may be more ominous if it is associated with severe retractions (paradoxical breathing), cyanosis, grunting or altered sensorium. Central cyanosis is a late sign but may not be detected in presence of severe pallor (low Hb) and dark skin colour. Stridor is a harsh inspiratory sound that indicates upper airway obstruction. Grunt is a loud noise produced by a forceful expiration against a closed glottis. Grunt and wheeze (a musical sound) are suggestive of lower airway obstruction. A complete history should reveal the onset, duration, progression of dyspnea, the aggravating and relieving factors as well as the associated symptoms like fever, cough, sore throat, chest pain, choking episodes, accidental ingestion of poisons etc. (table 3) Table 3: Symptom based diagnostic clues Clinical pearls: Investigations: Laboratory investigations help to confirm the diagnosis but the immediate management of a patient should not be delayed pending the reports of the investigations. Use of non-invasive devices such as pulse oximeter and ET CO2 detector (fitted in the ventilator) lessen the need for repeated invasive tests for monitoring of the child. Table 4 shows the relevant investigations to ascertain the cause of respiratory distress in a child. Table 4: Laboratory investiagations Treatment: The management of a child with fast breathing includes supportive treatment in the form of stabilization of vital parameters i.e. temperature, airway, breathing and circulation followed by definitive treatment by instituting appropriate respiratory support, antibiotics, chest tube drainage, decongestive measures etc. Acute onset of fast breathing, esp following choking, and stridor indicate foreign body, and warrants prompt bronchoscopic search and removal of foreign body. Algorithmic approach to management of fast breathing: Conclusion: It is essential to promptly triage children with impending respiratory failure and quickly institute supportive management, simultaneously searching for the etiology and planning a definitive treatment. The above mentioned approach will improve the outcome of children, especially the under-five ones, in whom respiratory infections contribute to the highest number of mortalities. Suggested reading: Kilham H, Gillis J, Benjamin B. Severe upper airway obstruction. Pediatr Clin North Am 1987; 34: 1–14. Mathew JL, Singhi SC. Approach to a child with breathing difficulty. Indian J Pediatr 2011 Sep;78(9):1118-26. Fallot A. Respiratory distress. Pediatr Ann. 2005;34:885–91. Singh V, Tiwari S. Respiratory problems. In: Gupta P,editor. Textbook of Pediatrics, editition 1. India: CBS publishers;2013, pp 335-368.

Is Joko Widodo a Good Leader?

Joko Widodo or better known by his nickname Jokowi is a politician in Indonesia and the current Governor of Jakarta period 2012 until 2017. Jokowi graduated with an engineering degree from the Faculty of Forestry at Gadjah Mada University in 1985. He was as the Mayor of Sukarta on period 2005 until 2012, before him currently being a Governor of Jakata. He was nominated in the Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle to run in the Governor election of Jakarta 2012 with his running mate Basuki Tjahaja Purnama. He was elected as Governor of Jakarta on 20 September 2012 after a second round of voting in which he defeated incumbent previous Governor of Jakarta Fauzi Bowo. While running for the office of mayor of Surakarta, many doubted the ability of a man who worked as a property and furniture businessman, but after a year in office, he successfully led many progressive breakthroughs which became widely praised nationally. He adopted the development framework of European cities (which he frequently traveled to as a businessman) into his own city of Surakarta. Bases on Wikipedia, Joko Widodo was chosen by the Tempo magazine as one of the ‘Top 10 Indonesian Mayors of 2008'. In 2011, he was awarded the Bintang Jasa Utama by the government. The next year, he received 3rd place of the 2012 World Mayor Prize for â€Å"Transforming a crime-ridden city into a regional center for art and culture and an attractive city to tourists†. Jokowi has vision and mission to lead Jakarta and solve all the problem that is not the simple problem, but very complicated and complex. Jakarta is a big city and also has a big population. Governor of Jakarta is just as a political leader, but also to mange this city. Jakarta has some problem such as traffic and also floods if there is heavy rain and still many problem that have to solve by a leader. Jokowi’s vision is to make new face Jakarta, neat modern city and also humane, with leadership and good government and also serve the residents. To realize that vision, he also make some mission, that are five and one of that is make Jakarta as a city that is free from chronic problems such as traffic jams, floods, slums, waste and others. And then some work plan of Jokowi to make green areas to decrease the floods and also the reservoir to relocate rainwater. And also he will increase the public transportation that environmentally friendly, to decrease private transport users and would switch to use public transport and then more efficient and safe. For the conclusion, I think he is a good leader for Jakarta even several problems in Jakarta still not solve yet by him, but he still try to solve. As we know, Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia, the problems is not only one but so many problems. He should manage Jakarta to be a neat modern city and also he visited flood victims when the big flood in Jakarta for several times. That is to show his responsibility as the Governor of Jakarta.

How to Choose Transfer Application Essay Samples to Ucla

How to Choose Transfer Application Essay Samples to Ucla Ok, I Think I Understand Transfer Application Essay Samples to Ucla, Now Tell Me About Transfer Application Essay Samples to Ucla! To be productive, you want to take into account several facets. Colleges are seeking a feeling of maturity and introspectionpinpoint the transformation and demonstrate your private growth. At exactly the same time, you're impress the college admissions folks greatly if it's possible to present your capacity to learn from your failures and mistakes. As a consequence, spending money to take care of your essays could possibly be challenging. In the majority of instances, the prompt is quite intricate and open to interpretation. One reason that the admissions office would like to figure out which of the applicants has been through something unlike the majority of other people is that they're hoping to raise the number of points of view in the student body. When you start to compose your college application essay, think about all the things which make you the person which you're. The way you start your application essay is important to how well it is going to be received. Generally speaking, the very first, setup, section of the essay ought to be shorter, as it is not going to be focused on what you were doing. For a beginning, the typical application essay topics need you to use language that's absolutely free from language flaws and grammatical mistakes. Get your creative juices flowing by brainstorming all the potential ideas you can imagine to handle your essay question. For instance, if your preferred topic is the discipline of literature, you could speak about your experiences with distinctive genres or with foreign writers. Concentrate on the message, and give it in an easy and straightforward language. Share an essay on any subject of your pick. Individual schools sometimes need supplemental essays. Colleges are more inclined to admit students who can articulate certain explanations for why the school is an excellent fit about them beyond its reputation or ranking on any list. Community is a rather important point to colleges. An admissions officer is significantly more likely to try to remember an applicant who has a rather specific essay written in a special and quirky way. Choose a law and explain why it's so important to you. If you would like to create a college essay which works, you will need to provide importance on the content you will supply the admissions officer of your intended university with. The essay for Florida state university isn't required, but it's highly encouraged. Key Pieces of Transfer Application Essay Samples to Ucla Tell us a topic which you have changed your head on in the last three decades. There isn't a prompt to direct you, and that means you must ask yourself the questions that will get at the center of the story you wish to tell. From time to time, the best method to learn and understand new information is via seeing and understanding work which is already completed. Last, the detail of real speech makes the scene pop. What to Expect From Transfer Application Es say Samples to Ucla? Really, the application essays are a lot closer to a brief story. Possessing good essay examples provides the reader an in-depth and on-the-court idea about what a well structured and coherent essay appears like. You'll observe a similar structure in a lot of the essays. An essay can be wholly heartfeltand terrible. Following your nomination, you're required to forward an essay. If you are in need of a well-crafted essay, then you can count on us to deliver. Our admission essay examples can prove that we're here in order to provide simply the ideal assistance to assure you which you submit an application essay that you could be confident in. The second portion of this essay would like you to examine the present instead. Stephen's essay is quite effective. When writing this essay, select a subject of interest. The very first portion of this essay is all about problem-solving. The Upside to Transfer Application Essay Samples to Ucla Make certain you give clear explanations of the things on your list too. The general format of your essay, for example, font size and margins, will solely are based on the instructions offered to you. Even more than knowing that you had the ability to correct the issue, colleges wish to observe how you approached the circumstance. Note you do not need to have solved the issue, and a few of the greatest essays will explore problems that have to be solved later on.

Unequal Opportunity For Women s Workplace - 1334 Words

Unequal Opportunity For Women in Workplace According to Merriam Dictionary Unequal means, giving more advantages, power etc to some people and less to other people for unfair reasons. (Unequal, 2015) According to Covert, Bryce (2013), nearly 30% of the women population are facing discrimination and have reported against it. This data came out via the help of new poll data from the Center for American Progress and Elle Magazine. No matter where the women is, what her position is, she is most likely to face discrimination. According to the poll 30% of the women reported their discrimination, but what about the rest 70% are they discrimination free or not is still unknown. Many women tend to resign or prefer not to talk with anyone regarding the discrimination in the workplace. Discriminating and harassing women is one of the crooked practice in the society, that is still alive till today. Even the most educated men do follow this practice and believe they need to be paid more, because they are men. People may feel that they are bridging the gender gap, but the truth is not yet there is still a very long way to go and it is still not sure whether the gap can be bridged or not. Most of the women have a feeling of not treated in a right way. Is this just their psychological feeling or they are really in trouble can be a very interesting topic for research and survey. When it comes to public policy such as equal pay, paid sick leave, Paid time off or Paid maternity leave thenShow MoreRelatedGender Inequalities Of Workforce And Gender Inequality1594 Words   |  7 Pagesevident that women face far more significant barriers in the workforce than men do. A clear representation of this barrier is established by the gender pay gap, which is the difference in monetary amount received between a woman s and a man s average weekly earnings. The economy, as a social institution, is affected by gender and sex inequality. The idea of inequality in the workplace is central to explaining wage disparities and is a crucial factor that intervenes between a person s human capitalRead More`` Still Separate, Still Unequal `` By David Matthews Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pagesthe greatest social and economic privileges are granted only if the greatest social and economic benefits are granted to the most disadvantaged people. The articles, â€Å"Still Separate, Still Unequal† by Jonathan Kozol, â€Å"Rethinking Affirmative Action† by David Leonhardt, and Progress Made, but Science Still a Man s World: News by David Matthews, all illustrate how John Rawls’s principles are still not being realized today to their fullest extent. In Jonathan Kozol’s article, he demonstrates how theRead MoreFInal Paper1429 Words   |  6 PagesSociety Society has conformed our minds to view gender based on one’s role in society. 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According to Ryan and Branscombe (2013), gender discrimination has been defined as the differential treatment members of one group receive compared to another by many socialRead MoreDefinition of Work and Equality898 Words   |  4 Pagesmasked by unfairness, discrimination, and greed. Equality in relation to work is an undertaking for equal compensation, equal opportunity, and equal treatment in order to pursue a more fair and balanced work place. The systematic definition of equality is described as the quality or state of being equal (Merriam Webster). The fight for equality first started during the 1960s when the Civil Rights Movement was introduced with a goal to end discrimination and racial segregation. The next immense movementRead MoreDifferences Between Men And Women1420 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferences between men and women were socially defined and distorted through a lens of sexism in which men assumed superiority over women and maintained it through domination. 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Kennedy signed an executive order that toldRead MoreThe Work Force, By Sheryl Sandberg Essay1466 Words   |  6 Pagesreality for most women, but some women have broken through these boundaries and excelled in the high ranked position in the work force. One woman in particular is Sheryl Sandberg. She the current CEO of Facebook and a mother to a little boy and girl. With a higher view on this, Sandberg recognizes the issues of the wage gap, gendered division of labor, social comparable worth, and second shift in her book, Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead, and her TedTalk and advises women to advocate forRead MoreThe Confusion Of Today s Culture1246 Words   |  5 Pagesframework of Jewish marriage relies on the traditions of the subordination of women in marriage being engrained. The inherent inequities in Jewish marriage permit in which women are acquired by men and a men take possession of exclusive access to a women, which is unilateral and non-reciproal. â€Å"Traditional Jewish marriage is based on the man acquiring the woman, which has symbolic and actual ramifications.†(Landau 3). Within this, women are simply property to men and they are expected to obey their husbandsRead MoreEffects Of Stereotyping In The Workplace792 Words   |  4 Pagesgroups based on preconceived notions about what is generally accepted as true about that person or group rooted in their background (DuBrin, 2009). Stereotyping can encompass ethnicity, religion, culture, race, age, or gender. Stereotyping within the workplace often leads to discriminatory practices perpetuating common negative effects. Based off of these preconceived notions about people sometimes is propagated by employees within an organization usually where the culture promotes or open displays instances

Bernini s Sculpture, The Ecstasy Of St. Teresa And...

The Baroque period saw many influential artists and sculptors, however, for the purpose of this assignment I am going to reflect on the works of Bernini and Caravaggio. Bernini’s sculpture, The Ecstasy of St. Teresa and Caravaggio’s painting, the Crucifixion of St. Peter will be what I am going to discuss. Both artists rose to prominence during the Baroque era by employing the artistic techniques unique to the era and playing into the vast influence the Catholic Church held over creativity of this period. Baroque style can be recognized through its use of vibrant colors, exaggerated movement and with a distortion of traditional shapes. With a countenance that emphasizes theatricality over conservatism, The Baroque style is a direct result of the Catholic reformation that originated in Italy. The Roman Catholic Church suffered the loss of many believers to the new Protestant movement that was jettisoned into motion by Martin Luther’s Theses’. In response to this the Roman Catholics launched the Counter-Reformation spearheaded by the Baroque style. The Baroque style began as a Catholic Revolution and eventually became a movement that carried the same influential power that ignited it. The Baroque period served a duel purpose as both a method of spreading Catholicism and a protest of sorts in response to the idealism and formality of the Renaissance. The Catholic Church was the absolute authority over what was considered acceptable art. Consequently, to be profitable, the bestShow MoreRelatedBaroque Art : Baroque Renaissance1256 Words   |  6 Pagesthe idealism of the Renaissance during the 1400-1530’s and the Mannerism of the 1530-1600’s Baroque art found itself as the dominant style of art during the decade of the 1600-1700’s. The term Baroque derives from the Portuguese ‘barocco’ term, or irregular peal or stone – It describes a fairly complex idiom which originated in Rome and became popular during the time period in which Baroque art was prominent which embraced painting, sculpture and architecture. The Baroque style quite nicely reflectedRead MoreEssay on Howard Hibbards quot;Caravaggioquot;1886 Words   |  8 Page sHoward Hibbards Caravaggio is an insightful look into the troubled mind and life of one of the most discussed artists of all time, Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. nbsp;Hibbard immediately expands on his belief that Caravaggio is the most important Italian painter of the entire seventeenth century. nbsp;Furthermore, his paintings speak to us more personally and more poignantly than any others of the time. nbsp;Caravaggio is an artist whose life was far different from all other contemporaryRead MoreJohn Rupert Martins quot;Baroquequot; Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesCarracci and supported by other artists such as Caravaggio. nbsp;Still, out of all of the artists of the time, Martin believed that Carracci was the one who rescued painting from its sorry plight. nbsp;Martin believed that Caravaggio was a great naturalist during the Baroque and he contributed to the trend of the time. nbsp;Caravaggios chiaroscuro throughout most of his works enabled him to further the idea of realism . nbsp;Still, Caravaggio is able to maintain his own individualism and style

Prostitution of Children and Child Prostitutes Free Essays

PROSTITUTION Prostitution is defined as the act, practice or profession of offering the body for sexual relations for money. (New Webster’s Dictionary 1995:802). The Encyclopedia Americana (1997) defined prostitution as â€Å"the performance of sexual acts with another person in return for the payment of a fee. We will write a custom essay sample on Prostitution of Children and Child Prostitutes or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Child prostitution is therefore, prostitution embarked upon by children who are below the age of 18 and are supposed to be catered for by their parents. It is commonly acknowledged that acts of prostitution are performed by women for men nevertheless occasions arise when the acts are done by men for men. The context of this work deals particularly with female child prostitution. UNICEF considers child prostitutes as young girls in sex trade, who are between the age bracket of 8 and 16. (Jubilee Action Report 1995). In the Nigerian milieu, prostitutes below the age of 18 are regarded as child prostitutes, since only persons above 18 years of age are statutorily regarded as adults. Child prostitution is the â€Å"sexual exploitation of girls and teenagers† (Awake February 8, 2003:6). Available data show that approximately 1. 5million children in India, 1 million in Asia, 100,00 children in United States and 500 children in Latin America are engaged in prostitution (Healy, 1995:35). Awake (February 8,2003:2) reported,â€Å"there were about 300,000 child prostitutes on the streets, in another land where drug trafficking flourishes†. According to Jubilee Action report (1995:10), up to 1 million female children join prostitution each year around the globe. However, the clandestine nature of child prostitution makes it impossible to calculate the exact number of working prostitutes, nonetheless the International Labour Organization (ILO) analysis (1993-1994), estimates that between 0. 25% and 1. 5% of the total female population are engaged in this trade. Globally, child prostitution is illegal and it is also regarded as a barbarous crime, yet it persists. Why? Child prostitution does not just happen. It is caused by a variety of factors some are perpetrated by the prostitutes themselves, while other factors are external to the prostitutes themselves. This is really a growing problem in developed world and developing world like Nigeria (Quintanilla, 1997:20). CAUSES OF CHILD PROSTITUTION IN Owerri Municipal Council 1. Misery and POVERTY: Poverty is the most common reason why most families sell the services of their female children to augment their income in order to buy food or clothes and other necessities of life. (Janssen, 2001:10). The case of child labour is a typical factor that exposes children to prostitution. The hired female children are sent out to hawk food items on the streets, motor parks, and mechanic garages thereby exposing them to rapes as well as sexual harassment s. Barnes H. C. (1959:95) observed that some females take to prostitution due to sheer destitution. Awake (February 8,2003:5) reported that some street children resort to prostitution because they see it as their only means of survival. The Awake further related an experience of a mother of 14-year-old girl who lured her daughter into this ignominious trade. The woman said about her daughter, â€Å"she was beautiful and that men would like her very much. Besides, she would earn a lot of money. † In the evenings, the woman takes her daughter to a motel where they make contacts. The mother stays nearby to receive the payments. Each night, this girl has sex with three or four men. 2. UNEMPLOYMENT: Unemployment of either the parents or the child results in unreliable source of income thereby forcing children into prostitution as an alternative means of income to support the family. Ironically, the International Labour Organization observes that a child’s ability to earn money is limited. It is estimated that the money earned by the child only contributes to approximately 10% of the family’s overall income and therefore has minimal effect on the family’s monetary gain (Dimenstein, 1994:12). Due to high degree of unemployment, the brothels employ some female children who serve in their drinking spots to promote their business. 3. HUMANS TRAFFICKING: Human trafficking is another evil leading to child prostitution. Human trafficking which represent the world’s third largest criminal activity following only after drug and weapons trafficking is sometimes purported to send teenagers to other countries to work. These would-be workers who sometimes end up prostitutes actually â€Å"work† and repatriate money to their respective home countries (Awake, February 8, 2003: 5). Many times, hard times hit these fellows as they are deported to come and continue this profession at home. Some of the female prostitutes come home to take some younger females to their places either to help them or to make them their servants and at the long run they get converted to prostitution, which is their boss’ profession. 4. DECEPTION ENCOURAGES PROSTITUTION: Pimps or brothel owners deceive some parents by paying them money and assuring to enlist their children in their â€Å"domestic services†, which later turns to be prostitution. These brothel owners who are termed the girl’s â€Å"owners† take control of the child’s’ activities. Moreover, these owners do everything possible to retain these girls who earn money for them to maintain their lavish lifestyle (Robinson, 2001:50) and (Dimenstein 1994:10). Apart from the pimps, other intermediaries who benefit from child prostitution do anything possible to see the act continued. Most females are led into this act of prostitution by their masters. Some of them could be anaesthetized by their masters in order to have fun with them and when eventually the woman of the house gets to know about the act she will be thrown out side to continue the act with other men including the master. 5. DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY ENVIRONMENT PROMOTES PROSTITUTION: Children of broken homes sleep wherever they see space to do so in the day, and go to the disco and nightclubs in the night. Ekejiuba I. K. (1996:13) discovered that ill treatment of children at home might make them to take to the street in order to find solace. Then the end result may be the hawking of their body to support themselves. 6 POOR EDUCATION: Some children cannot support themselves materially in view of low educational training they received, so they resort to prostitution as their only profession (Rodriguez- Garcia, 1999:55). Girl-child Education Initiative In Africa (January 2003:20) highlights the effect of poor education in the whole of Africa. In connection with poor education, peer pressure, bad association The causes and effects of child prostitution in Owerri Municipal Council and street ganging contribute to child prostitution. Identifiably, a girl may end up as a prostitute by her association, peer pressure and by running with a street gang (Okebugwu, 1989:25); Adetore, (1974:60); Oti (1984:15); and Daily Times ( May 15,1999:12). 7. AIDS SCARE PROMOTES CHILD PROSTITUTION: The high incidence of sexually transmitted diseases like AIDS make customers of prostitutes to look for children who are considered to be of low risk, and most probably virgins (Robinson, 2001:13). Patrons of child prostitutes are willing to pay a great deal of money to be a girl’s first client. In the streets, brothels and drinking spots these days a lot of female children are being employed to help lure more male customers to their spots. Places like Amaram by Tetlow Road and some places in Onyeche Street in Owerri have a high number of female child prostitutes who are employed only to facilitate their business. This is because there is the fear that other older female prostitutes in the same profession could have various STDs. 8. DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION ARE PRO-CHILD PROSTITUTION The influence of drugs can subject a child to prostitution and to certain indignifying acts of prostitution which she may otherwise never agree to given her sound mind (Lewis 1980:70); and Udechi (1987:15). 9. REBELLION AND FEELING OF INDEPENDENCE This is another factor promoting child prostitutions. Some girls are shamelessly bold. What is more, they feel that the body is theirs thus they should decide what to do with their body. (Bennet, G and Robert, P. 1985:207). 10. PORNOGRAPHY AGGRAVATES CHILD PROSTITUTION: Pornography also puts viewers at increased risk for developing sexually deviant tendencies. Awake July 22, 2003:7). Pornography is identified as promoting â€Å"the rape myth† which is a belief that women cause and enjoy rape. Additionally, the repeated use of pornography interferes with the ability to enjoy and participate in normal marital intimacy. Dr. Victor Cline, who specializes in treating sex addiction claims that â€Å"deviant sexual acts results† when a viewer tries to act out the pornography-based fantasies. 11. Incestuous violation and rape in homes as a factor: Some youths were raped in their own homes, which act changed their outlook in life. Some of such ones give vent to prostitution. Two other closely related causes of prostitution are glamor associated with it and insatiable sexual urges in some females. Blag(1976:68) observed that some prostitutes take to this lifestyle because of their innate desire for glamour or that they want to maintain a standard of life, which is impossible by ordinary means of earning, a life reminiscent of Greek aether. On the other hand, Ekejiuba(1996:14) identified other females, nymphomaniacs, who engage in prostitution for the sake of â€Å"fun† or pleasure they derive from it. 2 SUDDEN EXPOSURE: Furthermore, illicit love affairs in the presence of children may subject them to early prostitution. Some parents perform extra marital affairs in the presence of their wards. This exposes the children to early sex life. The premature death of one or both of the parents has also been discovered as one of the causes of child prostitution. Because of the chasm created by such loss, a teena ge girl may be fraught with the onerous task of catering for herself and other family members. More importantly, no one may exist to give stern guideline on her. One Owerri girl who returned from Kumasi Ghana claimed that her father died when she was eight years. This demise of his father left her with the responsibility of catering for her younger siblings and her mother who hails from Kumasi, Ghana. These challenges make her to dabble into prostitution. Child prostitution is not without its consequences, some of which are seemingly pardonable, whereas others are taboo at mere mention of them. High patronage of child prostitutes by wealthy men is another factor that has caused and sustained child prostitution ( Ekejiuba 1996: 13). Some teenage girls find it difficult to resist the temptation of prostitution because of huge sum of money they receive there-from. This accounts for why some IMSU, Alvan and FUTO ladies readily avail themselves for this business. Marxist oriented scholars see prostitution as an outgrowth of capitalism. Many of these see the gradual removal of subsidy from petroleum, which is the main balance of Nigerian economy as exposing many persons to difficulty and leading to sexual promiscuity. How to cite Prostitution of Children and Child Prostitutes, Essay examples

Global Business Strategy for Multinational

Question: Discuss about the Global Business Strategy for Multinational. Answer: Introduction It is important for any organisation to analyse the risk of entering and carrying operations in a foreign country before expanding its business over the international market. The analysis of risk and challenges helps to plan strategies that can be used to enter a new market beyond the geographical boundaries of the domestic market (Wrona and TrƦpczyÅ„ski, 2012). Currently, the increased intervention of the government and changing policies in the pharmaceutical industry makes it difficult for any organisation operating in this industry to carry on its business (Hanefeld, 2012). On the other hand, pharmaceutical industry is growing at a high pace across the globe that makes it essential for any domestic business to expand its business in the overseas market. The paper has been developed to conduct an analysis of risk and challenge of two potential overseas markets namely South Africa and China for Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd. The study focuses on evaluating four risk factors such as commercial risks, financial risks, country risks and cross-cultural risks to choose the most suitable market for the company to expand its business. Furthermore, a proper justification has been provided on the choice of the best overseas market for the company. The paper also presents the market entry mode or strategy that must be used by the Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd to begin with its global operations. Background to the Company Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd is one of the most famous Australian pharmaceutical products manufacturing companies, was established by Euan and Kaye Murdoch in the year 1972. The pharmaceuticals product manufacturing firm was originally set up from Herron Industries that is owned by Perrigo in the current business scenario (Herron.com.au, 2016). Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd has featured a vast range of pharmaceutical products that is a lot more comfortable for the target demographics in Australia. The pharmaceutical products such as paracetamol and Ibuprofen combination medical drugs can be identified as the best achievements for the organisation. Largely depending on the Research and Development (RD) team of the group, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd has marketed joint pain relief formulation such as OsetoEze and an entire range of vitamin formulated medicines specifically directed towards kids. Since, the handover of the pharmaceutical corporation to Mr Murdoch in 1982, the organ isation has never looked back (Herron.com.au, 2016). At the present scenario, the organisation has been identified as one of the giants of Australian biotech and pharmaceutical industry headquartered in Brisbane, Australia. As one of the largest manufacturers and distributors of Australian pharmaceutical industry, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd deals in medication and treatment for arthritis, cholesterol, prostate insomnia, constipation, acne and other general health issues in the Australian market. The RD team of the pharmaceutical product manufacturing firm has activity working on new drug patents promoting the healthy life of the target demographics (Perri, Scalera and Mudambi, 2015). Notably, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd is a subsidiary of Sigma Pharmaceuticals. Meanwhile, the Australian pharmaceutical firm wants to be globalised to serve the people of other countries as well. Analysis of Risks and Challenges In the case of the globalisation of Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd, four essential risk factors such as commercial risks, financial risks, country risks and cross-cultural risks of the two identified possible target markets must have been discussed to justify the selection of the right target market. Meanwhile, in the underlying section, a discussion of the identified risks and challenges in South African and China pharmaceuticals market has been drawn. Risks and Challenges in South Africa South Africa is identified as the most crucial market for any pharmaceutical organisation in the African Continent. An analysis of the four identified risks and challenges of the South African context has been briefed herein. Commercial Risks: South Africa is a potential market for pharmaceutical organisation because of lower number of competitors in the market. It is the largest pharmaceutical market in the African Continent. It can be seen through the statistical reports that the pharmaceutical sale in the year 2015 in South Africa is around $3.4 billion. It is estimated the sales figure will grow up to $3.84 billion by the end of 2020 that will make 1.17 percent of the total GDP of the nation (Overcoming barriers to medicines production through South-South co-operation in Africa, 2013). It can be seen through market research that the current market leaders operating in South African lacks adequate funding which acts as a great opportunity for Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd to expand its business in South Africa (Ziervogel, Archer van Garderen and Price, 2016). Hence, the absence of high level of competition provides a better opportunity to grow pharmaceutical business in the country. Currency (Financial) Risks: The variation in the valuation of currency is an important factor that increases the risk of business in the international market. The current market valuation shows that one Australian Dollar is equal to 10.51 South African Rand. Hence, investing $10 million in South African market will provide the business with a valuation of 105.1 million ZAR (Majumdar, 2015). Hence, a fluctuation in the currency value of South Africa will not impact the Australian investment on a high level. In other words, the financial risk reduces due to the high variation of values of currency between the two countries. Australia is on a higher side in term of valuation of currency, which reduces the financial risk for Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd. Country Risks: The labour market of South Africa is at its weakest point with 26.7 percent unemployment rate. Hence, the number of unemployment population provides the company with an opportunity to hire employees at low salary scale. On the other hand, the spending of people on healthcare has increased to $28.18 billion which is expected to increase more in the upcoming future. South African can be identified as a potential market in terms of economic prospects (Rodriguez-Monguio and Seoane-Vazquez, 2014). But, considering the political instability in the country, the risk level increases for Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd because of the chances in changes of political power in the country (Swilling, 2014). It is expected the changes of political power will impact the business policies that may negatively impact the pharmaceutical industry of South Africa. Cross-Cultural Risks: South Africa is a mixed cultural country that has different official languages spoken by the people belonging to different regions. Hence, the communication gap may be a potential risk for the company. But, the influence of English people over the Africans in major business regions mitigates the level of risk that arises from difference in culture. Risks and Challenges in China An analysis of the four identified risks and challenges of the Chinese context has been briefed herein. Commercial Risks: Though the Chinese drug market is a massive industry, the generics have expected to dominate the market. According to the data sources, the generic drugs revenue is increasing in a staggered pattern to RMB 614.8 billion since 2007-2015. Moreover, the domestic pharmaceutical firms have relied upon innovation patenting drugs at a significant pace (The next phase: Opportunities in China's pharmaceuticals market, 2011). Therefore, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd may find it tough to compete in the Chinese market. Also, the pricing of generics is significantly low showing the RD capabilities and government spending to the public. Hence, in near term, there are significant commercial risks attached to marketing pharmaceutical products of Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd in the China market (Luthans, Doh and Hodgetts, 2012). Currency (Financial) Risks: Understandably, the structural differences of currency can be one of the major factors in determining prices of drugs in the Chinese market. Apparently, the China pharmaceutical industry is full of domestic drug manufacturers and distributors. As a result of the competitive market scenario, at the initial phase, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd may have to suffer massive losses leading to undefined financial risks in near terms if the management selects China as the target market (Jiang, Wang and Yan, 2011). Also, the cost of licensing of pharmaceutical products and distribution will be significantly higher in China leading to further financial challenges. Country Risks: The National Drug Distribution system and government reforms can be identified as the major country based risks in the Chinese market. As the Chinese pharmaceutical industry is a well-developed market already, there are fewer chances to expand for a new organisation (Yin, 2011). First, of the all, the top three domestic pharmaceutical commerce organisations such as Guangdong Jiuzhoutong Pharmaceutical, Sinopharm Group, and Shanghai Pharmaceutical have occupied 20 percent of market share of the industry showing the tough fight among the competitors in the domestic market (Ahn, 2010). Also, the government drug reforms and health reforms promote generics at the high level that can be considered as one of the negative factors for Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd operations management in China. Cross-cultural Risks: Cross-cultural differences among the Australian and Chinese population can be recognised as another vital risk in operations management (Reuvid, 2008). The language, marketing concepts, business standards and etiquette have been somewhat distinct in Australia and China. Hence, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltds management can find it difficult to manage the workforce and executives in the Chinese market. Analysis and Justification for selecting South Africa The above analysis of risk and challenges in both the nations shows that South Africa is a better market for Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd to expand its business as compared to the Chinese market. South Africa is a developing nation with a higher potential to grow economically. Furthermore, the level of unemployment in the nation provides Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd with employees at lower price (Buckley and Ghauri, 2015). Hence, the recurring cost of the company reduces, if it decides to expand its business in the African market. Furthermore, the people of South Africa are friendlier to English people because of the presence of English origin people in the country. Hence, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd will receive a better welcome from the South African population as compared to the Chinese market. Considering the economic factors of the South African market for the pharmaceutical industry, it can be seen that South Africa is a growing market for pharmaceutical products. The increasing spending on health and low level of competition provides a better opportunity in the South African market (Anderson, 2010). On the other hand, Chinese people mainly use organic products in more quantity as compared to artificially made medicines. Along with that, South Africa has a well established pharmaceutical manufacturing industry that is supported with foreign investment. Hence, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd can easily enter the South African market using joint venture or directly owned subsidiary mode (Review Editor, 2012). The per capita spending of Africans on health products is higher than the Chinese that provides an attractive operating environment in the South African market. Along with that, the level of currency risk is also lower in the case of South African market as compared to the Chinese market that makes South Africa a more suitable market for Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd to expand its business in the overseas market. The proposed entry mode/strategy for South Africa On the basis of South Africas social, demographic and economic context, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd has selected the pharmaceuticals industry of the country for globalisation perspective. Being one of the developed economies to a certain level, healthcare expenditure and government spending has surged in South Africa (Kyle, 2007). Understandably, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd management need to identify the most sustainable entry mode to explore the pharmaceuticals market of the target economy. Based on capitalisation, collaborative entry strategy will be more acceptable than individual effort in order to penetrate the developing pharmaceuticals market in South Africa (Vogel, 2012). By identifying the market opportunities, target demographics profile, healthcare regulations and pharmaceuticals regulations in South Africa, joint ventures with domestic pharmaceutical product manufacturers and distributors operate in South African market can be considered as the best entry mode for Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd. In this way, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd management can have a better understanding of the aggregated market demand of the pharmaceutical products offered to the target demographics (Biggadike, 2009). Meanwhile, such collaborative efforts with the leading pharmaceutical companies operating in the target market can provide significant distribution and marketing channels for Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd. Evidently, the value chain of the domestic Pharma companies can be utilised by the management to evaluate the untapped potential at the highest standards. By introducing distinct distribution agreements with leading South African pharmaceutical companies such as Meda Pharma South Africa Pty Ltd, JSE Limited, and Roche Products Pty Ltd, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd of Australia can lead to extensive market penetration (Viviers et al., 2014). Moreover, the affirmative business relationship standards with the domestic companies can provide a better market understanding so that low-priced drugs can be distributed within the system. Decisively, the joint venture with domestic companies can be helpful to understand the healthcare reforms, drug regulations, IPR protection laws, tax exemption to the foreign organisation in a better process (Biggadike, 2016). Moreover, Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltds RD team can work according to the demand confront of the target market patenting new drugs effective for the target demographics. The rising healthcare consciousness and improving marketing structure in the target market can be defined according to the standards of the South African market. Herein, the joint venture and certain distribution agreements of drugs with the famous local brands can be effectively utilised by Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd to minimise the cost of marketing and product distribution (Javalgi and Wright, 2013). Also, the cost of inventory and purchasing system can be controlled in a significant order using the inventory system of the domestic corporations. Conclusion The contemporary business scenario of Herron Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd has promoted the essence of globalisation for significant profitability. The functions and capital structure of the organisation have also supported the decision of the management to spread the business to another foreign market. Through the identification of the existing business environment of the Chinese and South African pharmaceutical industries, it can be said that the South African market will be so much valid for better business regimes of the firm. Moreover, in order explore the business in the target market joint venture entry mode and significant distribution agreements with local pharmaceutical companies will be adequate for improved market penetration. Such decisive decision-making can reduce the cost of management and marketing. Additionally, the joint venture tactics will share the four identified risks so that the risks will be managed in an efficient way. 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